Hi, my name is Kristian Weinand. I'm currently working as a 3D-Artist for XR-Experiences at the Leibniz Supercomputing Centre and as a 3D-Modelling teacher at the LMU Munich, where I also graduated from Fine Arts and Multimedia program a little over a year ago. During my studies there I specialized in 3D-Modelling and created a short animation for my graduation project. I wasn't entirely satisfied with my skill level at the time and realized I still had a tremendous amount to learn, right down to the very basics of artistic creation. And I also knew I had to specialize further to become really good in a specific field. The main focus of my art has always been characters, so this is definitely where I want to go, but I had never really sufficiently studied anatomy. So I decided to enroll in Anatomy for Production class with Christian Bull at CGMA.
The first week's exercise was very fun and liberating. Christian provided some models of made-up skeletal structures, nothing that reflects actual existing anatomy. We were supposed to think about functional anatomy and place muscles on the bones accordingly. We learned about antagonistic muscle groups and basic organic design principles. The results among the students were very diverse and it was interesting to see what everyone came up with. I also noticed that I wasn't entirely able to forget what I already knew about human anatomy and stuck a bit too close to normal human musculature in areas that I knew about. Christian used this week to give us some basic understanding of how anatomical shape language works and how we make our sculpts look natural. He gave us tips like avoiding completely parallel lines, losing and finding lines, all things that I didn't really do sufficiently in these sculpts but it helped loosen up a bit and get in the sculpting mood.
CGMA – Anatomy for Production
Reference is massively important for anatomy (as for any other topic to be precise). I had a huge PureRef-File that contained everything Christian provided for us as well as other drawings, sculpts from other artists and photos for various body parts. I just extended a file that I had already previously filled with anatomy references and I just threw everything else in there. I would definitely advise everyone to not do that and get some proper order in their reference files. PureRef can handle a lot but if there are too many images in there it'll start lagging. Also, you probably won't even use everything you throw in the file.
One thing I learned and had always overlooked somewhat in my prior anatomy studies was the influence of bone on the shape of about every structure on the human body. Of course, bone shapes the entire body and holds everything where it's supposed to be but I completely neglected that some parts of the body are almost entirely a bony mass. Hands and feet are always parts that people seem to struggle with. For me, it was especially the feet, because I hadn't really studied those properly before. You usually need to give a character hands when drawing or sculpting, but feet are just hidden in shoes most of the time. But with the workflow we used here, bones first, then muscles on top, I realized that hands and feet are both very bony structures, so once you got the bones about right, you were about 80% there and it was actually almost easy. The same thing for the rib cage, it shapes the entire upper body. The hips are somewhat different though. You see some bony parts poking through to the skin, like the iliac crest and the ASIS (anterior superior iliac spine) and PSIS (posterior superior iliac spine) but overall the bone is pretty much hidden with large muscle and fat masses on top. But it was still super interesting to study how hip bones are shaped. Humans have crazy complicated hip bones and that was definitely one of the more difficult areas to sculpt.
I've also taken the Animal Anatomy class at CGMA a few months after this class and it was especially interesting to see how basically the same anatomical structures vary on humans and other animals. We all share the same anatomy, it's just a bit different on every animal. It was a very enriching experience to study these things thoroughly in both of these classes.
Info:The objective of this class is to understand anatomy in terms of shape, form, and function. Each week we will study a different portion of the upper human body, find ways to simplify the muscle and bone structures, and see how these impact or are impacted by the movements of the body. Through a series of sculpts, we will attempt to find ways of simplifying the human figure in ways that are easily understood and easy to recreate. Focus will include shoulders, head, neck, back, torso regions and arms. Full body sculpture focus and lower body will be addressed and studied in the 2nd portion of your anatomy training.
During the second half of your anatomy training, you will be learning key fundamentals of tying in the upper body to the lower extremities and how it will affect your full form. You will learn about the key fundamentals of recreating believable and fully functioning anatomy.
From 2015 to 2017, Mr. Liu worked as the Murex Regional Manager in UBS, overseeing the North America regional Murex team for production support and implementation coordination. Before that, Mr. Liu served as a Senior Consultant for Murex North America, leading a global team to manage both production supports and upgrades for selective large institutions in North America. Murex is the 3rd largest software publisher in France, providing technology solutions for trading, treasury, risk, and post-trade operations for financial markets.
Donkeys are a member of the horse family (Equidae) and share a common ancestor. However, in morphological terms, donkeys and horses are regarded as two separate subgenus. Given variations in the branching pattern of the brachiocephalic trunk (BCT) in different species of animals and the use of donkeys in anatomy courses at colleges of veterinary medicine, we conducted this study in order to investigate the branching patterns of BCT and to describe detailed morphological information regarding donkeys. Seventeen mature donkeys were examined following euthanasia by exsanguination from the common carotid artery under general anaesthesia. Thirteen donkeys were embalmed and injected with coloured latex from BCT origin for better visualization of vessels. Four other donkeys were freshly studied without the embalming procedure. In all cases, the BCT was the only branch of the aortic arch and branched into the left subclavian (LSb) artery, the right costocervical trunk, the right subclavian (RSb) artery and the bicarotid trunk. The main branching pattern of the RSb was the costocervical trunk, the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery and the superficial cervical artery. The deep cervical artery branched from the costocervical trunk. The major branching pattern of the LSb was the vertebral artery, the internal thoracic artery and the superficial cervical artery. In donkeys, the external thoracic artery branches from the internal thoracic artery. Results obtained from this study indicate that BCT branching in donkeys has some similarities and differences as compared to that in horses and in the Caspian miniature horse. 2017 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.
The biocompatibility assessment of the Cleveland Clinic continuous-flow total artificial heart is an important part of the device developmental program. Surgical and postoperative management are key factors in achieving optimal outcomes. However, the presence of vascular anatomical abnormalities in experimental animal models is often unpredictable and may worsen the expected outcomes. We report a technical impediment encountered during total artificial heart implantation complicated by unfavorable bovine anatomy of the ascending aorta and brachiocephalic arterial trunk.
Right interrupted aortic arch and descending aorta is exceedingly rare and most likely cause respiratory presentation, since patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) courses over the right mainstem bronchus. We report a case of successful neonatal biventricular repair of a right interrupted aortic arch (type B), with an aberrant right subclavian artery ventricular septal defect (VSD) in a 2.7 kg term neonate with DiGeorge syndrome. Patient presented in severe respiratory distress and acidosis at one day old. Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography revealed aortic arch interruption beyond the common carotid arteries with large perimembranous outlet VSD. Aortic annulus diameter was 4.8 mm and there was no left ventricle (LV) outflow tract obstruction. Three-dimensional (3D) CT-scan confirmed these findings and identified a right-sided ductal arch that continued over the right mainstem bronchus into a right-sided descending aorta and aberrant right subclavian artery. Brachiocephalic perfusion and ductal perfusion was employed for cooling during cardiopulmonary bypass. Under deep hypothermia (27 C rectal temperature), selective cerebro-myocardial perfusion was used for successful aortic arch repair without sacrificing the aberrant right subclavian artery. A direct tension-free anastomosis was attained. Her postoperative course was uneventful and her respiratory symptoms disappeared postoperatively. Early surgical correction is mandatory for these patients with unique anatomy and presentation.
Cholecystectomy is a common procedure. Abnormalities in the anatomy of the biliary system are common but an abnormal location of the gallbladder is much rarer. Despite frequent pre-operative imaging, the aberrant location of the gallbladder is commonly discovered at surgery. This article presents a case of a patient with the gallbladder located to the left of the falciform ligament in the absence of situs inversus totalis that presented with right upper quadrant pain. A laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed and it was noted that the cystic duct originated from the right side. The presence of a left sided gall bladder is often associated with various biliary, portal venous and other anomalies that might lead to intra-operative injuries. The spectrum of unusual positions and anatomical gallbladder abnormalities is reviewed in order to facilitate elective and emergent cholecystectomy as well as other hepatobiliary procedures. With proper identification of the anatomy, minimally invasive approaches are still considered safe. 2ff7e9595c
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